2

3D View

Structure Info

Generate ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

Energy vs. Lattice Constant

Calculate ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

EAM Potential Theory

Embedded Atom Method (EAM) ํฌํ…์…œ์˜ ์ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

Ei = Fฮฑ(ฮฃjโ‰ i ฯฮฒ(rij)) + ยฝ ฮฃjโ‰ i ฯ†ฮฑฮฒ(rij)
  • Fฮฑ: ์‚ฝ์ž… ํ•จ์ˆ˜ (embedding function) โ€” ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „์ž ๋ฐ€๋„์— ์‚ฝ์ž…๋  ๋•Œ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€
  • ฯฮฒ(rij): ์›์ž j๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ i์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์ž ๋ฐ€๋„
  • ฯ†ฮฑฮฒ(rij): ์Œ ํฌํ…์…œ (pair potential)

โ€ป ๋ณธ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ฐ’์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ณด์ •๋œ Lennard-Jones ๊ทผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Melting Point vs. Nanoparticle Radius

Simulate ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฉ์œต์  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

Gibbs-Thomson Effect

๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์˜์กด ์šฉ์œต์ ์€ Gibbs-Thomson ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

Tm(r) = Tbulk ร— (1 โˆ’ 2ฮณslVm / ฮ”Hfr)
  • Tbulk: ๋ฒŒํฌ ์šฉ์œต์  (K)
  • ฮณsl: ๊ณ ์ฒด-์•ก์ฒด ๊ณ„๋ฉด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ (J/mยฒ)
  • Vm: ๋ชฐ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ (mยณ/mol)
  • ฮ”Hf: ์œตํ•ฉ ์—”ํƒˆํ”ผ (J/mol)
  • r: ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋ฆ„

๐Ÿ”ฌ MD Melting Simulation (ASE/EMT)

์‹ค์ œ Au ๋‚˜๋…ธํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์ž๋™์—ญํ•™(MD) ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ์œต ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Lindemann ์ง€์ˆ˜(ฮด > 0.1)๋กœ ์šฉ์œต์ ์„ ํŒ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  Gibbs-Thomson ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Energy & Lindemann Index vs Temperature

Run MD ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๋…ธํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์šฉ์œต MD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

Simulation Details

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Binary Phase Diagram

Compute ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํ‰ํ˜•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

CALPHAD Method

CALPHAD(Calculation of Phase Diagrams)๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์„ฑ๋ถ„ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ƒํ‰ํ˜•์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

Gmix = xAGA + xBGB + RT(xAln xA + xBln xB) + xAxBฮฉ
  • Gmix: ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊น์Šค ์ž์œ  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€
  • xA, xB: ๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชฐ ๋ถ„์œจ
  • ฮฉ: ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ (Regular Solution parameter)
  • Liquidus: ์•ก์ƒ โ†’ ๊ณ ์ƒ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์˜จ๋„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„
  • Solidus: ์™„์ „ ๊ณ ์ƒํ™” ์˜จ๋„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„
0.50
0.05

Dendrite Growth (Allen-Cahn)

Run Dendrite ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ง€์ƒ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์„ฑ์žฅ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

Allen-Cahn Equation

๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ(undercooling) ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ฒด-์•ก์ฒด ๊ณ„๋ฉด์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

โˆ‚ฯ†/โˆ‚t = โˆ’M(โˆ‚F/โˆ‚ฯ†) + ฮตยฒโˆ‡ยฒฯ†
  • ฯ†: ์งˆ์„œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ (1=๊ณ ์ฒด, 0=์•ก์ฒด)
  • M: ์ด๋™๋„ (mobility)
  • ฮต: ๊ณ„๋ฉด ํญ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ (๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ํฌํ•จ)
  • ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ(4-fold symmetry)์ด ์ˆ˜์ง€์ƒ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
0.50
0.5

Spinodal Decomposition (Cahn-Hilliard)

Run Spinodal ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ๋‹ฌ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

Cahn-Hilliard Equation

2์›๊ณ„ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์—์„œ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ƒ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ(spinodal decomposition)๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

โˆ‚c/โˆ‚t = M โˆ‡ยฒ(โˆ‚f/โˆ‚c โˆ’ ฮบโˆ‡ยฒc)
  • c: ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ์กฐ์„ฑ (๋†๋„)
  • f(c) = cยฒ(1โˆ’c)ยฒ: ์ด์ค‘ ์šฐ๋ฌผ ์ž์œ  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€
  • ฮบ: ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ (๊ณ„๋ฉด ํญ ๊ฒฐ์ •)
  • ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์กฐ์„ฑ ์š”๋™์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
200
0.30

Stress-Strain Curve

Run FEM ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์žฅ ์‹œํ—˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

Deformed Mesh (Von Mises)

FEM Theory

์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œ๋ฒ•(FEM)์€ ๋ณ€๋ถ„๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ„์„ฑ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„์žฅ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

[K]{u} = {F}
  • [K]: ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐ•์„ฑ ํ–‰๋ ฌ (Global Stiffness Matrix)
  • {u}: ์ ˆ์  ๋ณ€์œ„ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ
  • {F}: ์ ˆ์  ํ•˜์ค‘ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ
  • ํ‰๋ฉด์‘๋ ฅ(Plane Stress) ์กฐ๊ฑด: ฯƒzz = ฯ„xz = ฯ„yz = 0
  • CST(Constant Strain Triangle) ์š”์†Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
20
2.0

Grain Map (IPF Coloring)

Run CPFEM ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฏธ์„ธ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

Von Mises Stress Map

์‘๋ ฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Per-Grain Stress-Strain Response

๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ๋ณ„ ์‘๋ ฅ-๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ๊ณก์„ ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Statistics

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

CPFEM Theory

๊ฒฐ์ • ์†Œ์„ฑ FEM์€ ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์˜ ์ด๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ํƒ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

ฯ„ = m ยท ฯƒ = cosฯ† ยท cosฮป ยท ฯƒ
  • ฯ„: ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ (Resolved Shear Stress)
  • m: Schmid Factor
  • ฯ†: ํ•˜์ค‘ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Ÿฌ์ง๋ฉด ๋ฒ•์„  ์‚ฌ์ด ๊ฐ๋„
  • ฮป: ํ•˜์ค‘ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Ÿฌ์ง ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์‚ฌ์ด ๊ฐ๋„
  • FCC: {111}โŸจ110โŸฉ ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ (12๊ฐœ)